研究內容 |
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[ 摘要 ]
本研究主要的目的,在以Harris指出的原住民世界觀,包含宇宙觀、土地觀、時間觀、權威觀為架構,另加上族群觀共五種觀點,探討在文化差異下,泰雅男童看待事物的觀點,並討論其教育意義。
研究的進行,乃針對5位泰雅族男童的觀察和訪談為主,而泰雅族成人的觀點則做為對照。經過長期的田野觀察和多次的訪談,與田野札記的記錄所得之資料,進行分析。歸納泰雅男童的世界觀,有下列主要的特徵:
一、 順天而宿命,自然為上的宇宙觀。不過,在gaga傳統方面,已有快速式微的情形。雖保有部分的泛靈信仰,也有弱化的跡象。相信祖靈對人仍有影響,但對祖靈虔敬的態度已不如成人和以往。
二、 自然人本、共有共享的土地觀。男童相信「土地是萬物之母」,對土地有一種「生命共同體」的情感聯結。對空間向度的理解與方位的判別,以直觀、具體的生活經驗為基準。「共有」與「分享」的觀點,仍表現在日常生活當中。
三、 重人際互動的權威觀。權威幾乎等同於「教養」與「照顧」。對漢人教師有「抗拒異族權威」的矛盾情結。
四、 警戒而保守、包容而不計較、獨立又集體的族群觀。了解自身族群特質,能清楚分辨與漢人的不同。對自身族群趨於正面肯定的態度,對漢民族則持負面的看法居多。對陌生人警戒心較高,族群界線明顯。
五、 粗估、概化又以事記時的時間觀。「鐘錶時間」尚未取代「自然時間」,且對時間的計算仍以大區段推估為主。「以事記時」為認識時間的優先方式。注重「當下」需求的滿足,對長遠的未來雖有抱負,但因不注重細節而無法逐步規劃實踐。
六、 整體而統觀的思考邏輯,而且觀察與模仿在學習的策略上,仍占一定的比重。研究也發現,公開場合的讚賞對泰雅男童未必發揮鼓勵作用。
[ 英文摘要 ]
This study aimed at exploring Atayal boys’ world view, including the conceptions of the universe, time, land and space, authority and ethnic identity. The fieldwork was undertaken in an Atayal primary school in Taipei county where participant observation and semi-structured interview techniques were applied to collect information. Five sixth-grade Atayal boys, two Atayal teachers and two Han teachers were invited to participate in this study as the key informants. The major findings are listed as follows :
First, in terms of the view of universe, the Atayal people believe in fatalism and naturalism. However, gaga, one of the most important tradition, is fading away.
Second, in terms of the view of land and space, Atayal people hold the belief of sharing. They believe “Land is the mother of creation” and they have a strong feelings and connection with land.
Third, in terms of authority, Atayal people emphasize human interaction. They regard authority as ‘educating’ and ‘looking after’. Atayal boys has a contradictory complex of “resisting the authority from alien tribes” to their Han teachers.
Fourth, Atayal people hold a conservative, tolerant, and collective view of ethnicity. Atayal boys can distinguish the differences between Atayal and Han people. They has positive ethnic identity, while they has negative attitudes toward Han people.
Finally, in terms of the view of time, Atayal people do not pay much attention on precise time and the focus on events. ‘Nature time’ has not been taken place by ‘clock time. |